World War 1 + a some of the Cold war Flashcards | Knowt (2024)

First Nations influence on Canada

Diverse indigenous cultures, rich traditions, trade networks, land impact

British colonization

early claims, Treaty of Paris (1763), Settlers challenges, British influence

Confederation in 1867

British North America Act, Dominion of Canada, Benefits and challenges

Confederation Significance

Canadas Domestic affairs are controlled by Canada but Foreign affairs controlled by British

English Canadians

Supported British took pride in British empire and believed Canada to be a British country (brits having foreign affairs under their control made sense to them)

French Canadians

nationalists that rejected imperialism, Wanted Canada to become independent, focused on preserving French heritage and culture

When did WW1 occur?

1914-1918

What does MAIN stand for?

What is Militarism?

Belief in increasing a nations military force as a way to increase nations power and prestige. Used to intimidate enemies with military power, spread through Europe because of fear of weakness.

What is an Alliances?

an agreement between two or more nations in mutual agreement through a treaty to defend each other. Europeans thought this would help prevent war as countries would see the amount of allies they had and would back down, this however backfired due to the domino effect

What is Imperialism?

The process of countries gaining control by overtaking smaller countries. This increased access to raw materials, natural resources, markets and goods. This created a tense atmosphere in Europe sparking competition in the 1900’s

What is Nationalism?

Intense loyalty to a country That goes beyond just patriotism. By placing their country over others Nationalists gained hatred for each other. Many believed war was heroic and the ultimate sacrifice to your country contributing to ww1.

Indirect Causes of WW1: Nationalism

unites those with similar mindsets and ideologies. the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip a member of the Black Hand Serbian nationalist group

Indirect Causes of WW1: Imperialism

Building an empire by collecting colonies, defining the amount of admiration and respect they would receive. The British empire was the largest in the world, Germany wanted to create a rivalling Empire as well as many others creating tensions and competition.

Indirect Causes of WW1: Militarism

Arms Race: European countries competing fro largest and most powerful military aresenal. British: Largest navy Russia: largest army Germany: wanted to catch up to both (British Dreadnought vs German U-boat)

Military strength

Indirect Causes of WW1: Alliances

would ensure balance of power no country more powerful than the rest. Domino effect (two countries declare war allies join ect)

Two forces in the war

Direct Cause: Spark that led to ww1 background info

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Sarajevo, Bosnia ArchDuke Franz Ferdinand and Wife Sofia shot by Gavrilo Princip on June 28th 1914

The Black hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group in which Gavrilo Princip was a part of. Group wanted the reunification of Bosnia and Serbia

Austrian Ultimatum (1914)

Blank Cheque

Germany promises A-H is Russia attacks A-H Germany will come to their defence (A-H wants to invade Serbia but fears Russian retaliation)

Dominos fall

Canada enters the war

The Schlieffen plan

Military strategy used by Germany in WWI to quickly defeat France by attacking through neutral Belgium and encircling Paris before turning to fight Russia. Helped to eliminate two front war with France and Russia, Swift Victory, confidence in Economic and Military Strength

Schlieffen plan details

Assumptions made by General Moltke

Impact of failure of the Schliffen Plan

Trench warfare (overview)

was a complez network of long deep ditches designed for protection leading to drawn out war and high casualties. New deadly wepons made it difficult to gain ground. No mans land was impossible to breach because of the massive fire soldiers wouild face. Trenches were unsanitary with rats, lice, muddy water, human waste ect.

Trench design

Made to transport men, equipment, and supplies between the front lines and reserve trenches. Duckboards were used in an attempt to protects soldiers from trench foot. Dugouts protected soldiers from weather and enemy fire, while barbed wire and machine guns protected the front lines.

No mans Land

area between two opposing trenches. Both sides heavily defended making it difficult to recover bodies.

Trench foot

Feet would rot due to prolonged exposure of feet to wet cold unsanitary conditions. Wet socks and boots led to infection and gangrene. Symptoms included numbness of the foot, swelling, foot changing colour to red/blue due to lack of blood supply. Some infections were so bad they got sores and would need to be amputated without treatment.

Rats And Lice in trenches

Unsanitary conditions due to lack of hygiene availability(making getting rid of lice difficult). Lack of garbage disposal led to rat infestation. To combat this soldiers trained dogs to hunt rats out of trenches

Shell shock

Condition characterized by psychological trauma from wartime experiences, leading to symptoms like headaches, dizziness, amnesia, tremors, and sometimes the ability to walk and talk were affected.

Trench Mouth

teeth and gums rot as a result of poor dental hygiene and lack of nutrients and vitamins

Trench cycles

Trench warfare tech advancement

During this time offensive technologies were much more effective, as a result trench warfare was rendered useless in ww2 as the development of air and land support improved

Significance of Trench warfare

WW1-The first modern war

referred to as this due to the technological advancements that made the war much more deadly and terrifying that had ever been experienced until that point. Estimated 16 million died including civilians which was a result of the failure to adapt yo new technologies.

Tank (aka the landship)

were able to endure gunfire, drove through barbed wire and trenches as well as helped soldiers advance

Poison Gas

Chlorine Gas attacked the lungs making it unable to breathe. Mustard gas attacked skin causing blisters and excruciating pain. Gas masks improved to combat poison gas and is now internationally banned as a weapon of war.

Submarines

Under water travel and attacks with torpedoes while being unseen and undetected. Germans attacking American ship leads to Americas entrance into WW1.

Airplanes

Originally used for recon the tech advanced to be equipped with machine guns and bombs. Often called flying coffins as they would get into many Dogfights

Machine guns/Artillery

Would be able to shoot up to 600 rounds a minute. Artillery were heavy guns used to fire explosive shells across long ranges, Shrapnel is the shell fragments thrown by the explosive

Billy Bishop

Billy Bishop was a Canadian World War I flying ace known for his record of 72 air victories. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery. (all on his own account)

Francis Pegahmagabow

Francis Pegahmagabow was a Canadian First Nations soldier known for his remarkable skills as a sniper during World War I, with a record of 378 confirmed kills. He was so skilled he would often lay down right besides the enemies when sniping.

Red Baron

a German fighter pilot in WWI known for his red Fokker triplane and 80 confirmed air combat victories.

Home font

supported war by providing financial aid, food, goods, medical services, weapons and ammunition, clothes

Total War

a war with unlimited and unrestricted use of both its military and civilian resources with goal of achieving victory

War Front

total use of military resources and capabilities

Pre WW1 womens roles

Domesticity: maternal role of child care and fulfilling responsibilities of house hold

During war womens roles

Changing role of the government

Use of censorship and propaganda to control information coming in and out of country, and to promote victory bonds

What were victory bonds?

Victory bonds were government-issued debt securities sold during WWI and WWII to finance war efforts. Citizens purchased bonds to support the war and receive a return on their investment.

During ww1 the government implemented…

what is conscription?

Conscription is a mandatory enlistment of individuals into the armed forces, typically during times of war or national emergency. Used to build a large army in a small amount of time.

1914-1916 conscription

who was Robert Borden?

Canadian Prime Minister during World War I, known for his leadership and implementation of conscription.

1917 Federal election

What was the wartime elections act?

women related to men at war had the right to now vote.

What was the military voters act?

Men and women overseas in the war had the right to vote

what was the military service act?

Conscription for fighting in ww1 becomes low

Propaganda

subjective information used to influence audience and promote public support for a cause. The gov used it to encourage enlistment and victory bonds, promote support for the war, and boost military and civilian morale

What were enemy Aliens?

People in Canada that were connected to “enemy countries” at war with Canada+Allies. They were exposed to prejudice and discriminatory legislation by Canadian gov.

Internment Camps

“Enemy Aliens” forced to live in I.C for duration of war. Forced to do manual labour, possessions sold off. Camps were overcrowded and unsanitary, also left lasting impacts on families.

What was the War Measures act?

Allowed government to suspend civil liberties and due process leading to abuse of power (gave authority to arrest and detain people without trial)

Enlistment Biases

Systematic racism: affected recruitment process with many groups facing rejection or non combat roles. Indigenous soldiers faced the most extreme discrimination and prejudice.

Chinese Canadian Discrimination

They contributed to the development of Canada but were denied full citizenship and rights during ww1 (head tax)

Scond Battle of Ypres

Battle during WWI where Germans first used poison gas, causing heavy casualties among Allied troops. Took place in Belgium, April-May 1915. Where canadians gained name of Shock Troops

Battle of the Somme

A major WWI battle in 1916 between British and French forces against the Germans. Known for massive casualties and minimal territorial gains. Canadians aided with Arthur Currie leading them

Battle of Vimy Ridge

Led by Arthur Currie, A significant World War I battle in April 1917 where the Canadian Corps captured the strategic ridge from the Germans in France. Used Creeping Barrage tactic

What was the Creeping Barrage Tactic?

Tactic used in WWI where artillery fire moved slowly forward to support soldiers advance, keeping enemy troops pinned down and minimizing resistance.

Battle of Passchendaele (Third battle of Yreps)

Led by Arthur Currie, A World War I battle in 1917 where British and Allied forces fought German troops in Belgium. Known for its muddy conditions and high casualties.

Czar Nicholas II

Apart of the Romanov Dynasty(autocracy). The czar of Russia after his father died, he was untrained and unfit for his position. Took back promises of democratic freedom of his people years earlier

Russia in ww1

poor and lived off of the land as farmers, uneducated, forced to fight in the war with little and faulty weapons

Bloody Sunday

peaceful and unarmed protest outside of winter palace, They sent a petition to Tsar Nicolas II outlining the rising unemployment, famine, and poverty displaying their grievances against bureaucracy in general. IN responce the Czar ordered the protesters to be killed by the imperial guard. The start of the break of relations between Czar and his people

who was Rasputin?

was a Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanov family in the early 20th century. He had significant influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his wife due to his perceived ability to heal their son's hemophilia.Supposedly aided in Bolshevik takeover.

What does the Czar do to hopefully inspire soldiers?

He visits the eastern front due to the heavy losses from Germany.

What was the February revolution?

A spontaneous uprising in Russia in 1917 leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government. Many from the Eastern front turned back and headed for the capital to help with protests.

What is the February revolutions significance?

The revolution leads to the end of the Romanov dynasty, Russias exit from ww1, Germanys ability to move troops from Russian fronts, and the formation of the USSR and Russias new rule under the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks

Communist Party, Vladimir Lenin first leader of the party ruled from 1917-1991

Treaty of Brest-Livstock

Signed between USSR, Germany, A-H, and Ottoman empire. Gave Germany a large plot of land, treaty eventually annulled

Who was Woodrow Wilson?

President of the US at the time of ww1

American Isolationism

a Non-intervention policy where america would send supplies to Allied and central powers, making a profit off of the war

Sinking of the Lustiana

Germany had unrestricted submarine warfare. Meaning any ship in ocean waters were a target. The Lustiana was a civilian merchant American shp killing 1200 carried 128 Americans. Leading to America joining the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret message sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917 proposing a military alliance against the US during WWI, intercepted by British intelligence.

Canadas last 100 days

During these days Canada spearheaded the war by helping push Germans back leading to an Armistice.

Cold Wars

Ideological struggle between the US(democracy) and Soviets(communism) following WWII

Iron Curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the ideological divide between Western Europe and the Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

NATO

U.S, Canada and western Euro countries promising mutual protection from threat of Soviets

Warsaw Pact

was a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states in response to NATO.

What were the satellite states

Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania

Space Race

Competition between the US and USSR during the Cold War to explore space and achieve milestones like the first human in space and the moon landing.

Soviets first satilite in space and first person to travel in space

The Sputnik and Yuri Gargarin

Nasas Apollo program

leads to Apollo 11 landing on the moon with Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong being first men on moon

Nuclear Age

Believed nuclear weapons would show national strength and global influence and ensure peace

Mutual Deterrance

A theory of having huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons to scare off enemy countries from attacking in fear of nuclear retaliation

Mutually assured destruction (MAD)

If one bloc of countries attacked with bomb other side would retaliate with bombss

Igor Gouzenko Affair

Working for Soviet Embassy on Canada revealed Soviet Spy Ring in Canada U.S Britain, no one listened until his attempted kidnapping. released over 100 documents, granted asylum